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Social media penetrate our lives: Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and many other platforms define daily habits of communication and creative production. This book studies the rise of social media, providing both a historical and a critical analysis of the emergence of major platforms in the context of a rapidly changing ecosystem of connective media. Author José van Dijck offers an analytical prism that can be used to view techno-cultural as well as socio-economic aspects of this transformation as well as to examine shared ideological principles between major social media platforms. This fascinating study will appeal to all readers interested in social media.
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On April 12, 1994, humanity experienced what may well have been the first mass mailing of a commercial message via Internet, when immigration lawyers Martha S. Siegel and Laurence A. Canter advertised their services to potential applicants for U.S. Green Card lotteries. Their message went out, via a discussion group network called Usenet, to subscribers of more than 5,000 message boards. Two months later, they followed that message up with another sent to about 1,000 news groups.
In today’s terms, the numbers of individuals reached would probably appear puny, but the transmission was quickly dubbed “spam,” the term used to refer to the digital version of junk mail.
Green cards, of course, are the visas distributed by the United States that allow foreign nationals to live and work there. Because demand far outstrips supply, each year the State Department holds a lottery to determine who will have preference in the competition. In the early 1990s, entering the lottery required little more than sending a postcard or letter with the applicant’s name and address to the State Department.
Siegel and Canter’s ad, which had the subject heading, “Green Card Lottery – Final One?” offered to handle the “paperwork” for applicants – for a fee of $95 for an individual and $145 for a couple.
As a result of the interest stimulated by the ad, according to Siegel and Canter, who were at the time partners in a Phoenix law firm and a married couple (and Jewish, according to the magazine Jewish Currents), they gained about 1,000 new clients, who yielded them $100,000 to $200,000.
Complaints crash the servers
Martha S. Siegel was born in New Jersey on April 9, 1948, and attended Carnegie-Mellon University. Laurence A. Canter was born June 24, 1953, and was a graduate of the University of Arizona. Both attended law school at St. Mary’s University in San Antonio, Texas.
The couple practiced immigration law together in Sarasota, Florida, but moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1978 after facing accusations of various ethical violations in Florida. In Canter’s case, he resigned from the Florida bar instead of having to defend himself against charges of “neglect, misrepresentation, misappropriation of client funds and perjury.” At the same time, Siegel also resigned, in protest of what she described as a “witch hunt” against her husband. (She had earlier, however, been found guilty together with him of misrepresenting their finances in connection with a real-estate loan they received.)
The 1994 spam mailing elicited a lot of anger among users of the still-young Internet, although it didn’t violate any laws. Canter and Siegel said they had alerted their service provider about their plans, and were assured that the company, Internet Direct, could handle the mailing and the hoped-for traffic it would drum up. In fact, the response received by Internet Direct, much of it in the form of complaints, crashed its servers, and the firm dropped Canter and Siegel as clients.
The couple was unapologetic, and soon gave up practicing law to set up a company called Cybersell to sell Internet-marketing services. In 1995, they co-wrote a manual, “How to Make a Fortune on the Information Superhighway: Everyone’s Guerrilla Guide to Marketing on the Internet and Other On-line Services.”
Usable dog art
Martha Siegel and Laurence Canter divorced in 1996. Siegel died on September 24, 2000, but Canter went from strength to strength. By the time he was disbarred in 1997 – for disreputable advertising practices – in Tennessee, where he had originally been admitted to the bar, he was living in the San Francisco Bay area and writing software for stock-options traders.
In 2012, Canter established an online shop, called “DoggyLips.com,” to sell “usable dog art” – such items as coffee mugs, soap dispensers and placemats with pictures of dogs and other animals. As he explained on another site that offers his dog paintings, “After years of changing careers, from lawyer, to author, to publisher, to software engineer, to internet analytic consultant to … I finally found my true calling in life.”
A Canadian has been charged after computer hackers stole a whopping one billion email addresses from U.S. marketing companies in what authorities described Friday as one of the largest digital data breaches in history.
Three people were indicted on federal charges in what U.S. Assistant Attorney General Leslie Caldwell called “the largest data breach of names and email addresses in the history of the Internet.”
One of the accused is David-Manuel Santos Da Silva, 33, of Montreal. He is charged with taking part in a money-laundering conspiracy that allegedly netted $2 million between May 2009 and October 2011.
Prosecutors allege he entered into a marketing agreement with the other two men charged that enabled them to profit from sales generated by the spam emails.
The other men are Viet Quoc Nguyen, 28, and Giang Hoang Vu, 25, who are both citizens of Vietnam.
Vu pleaded guilty to a single count of conspiracy to commit computer fraud before a federal judge last month. He has not been sentenced.
Nguyen has been indicted on 29 counts including charges of wire fraud and computer fraud.
He remains a fugitive.
Unsealed documents from the U.S. Justice Department allege Da Silva used his Montreal-based company 21 Celsius, which ran a website called Marketbay.com, to “promote Nguyen’s hacking and spamming activities by providing him with a platform, through Marketbay.com.”
“Da Silva allegedly knew that Nguyen was spamming to stolen email addresses in order to direct high volumes of internet traffic to his affiliate marketing websites with Marketbay.com,” read a news release from the U.S Attorney’s Office.
The Justice Department documents describe Da Silva as a co-owner, president and a director of 21 Celsius.
U.S. authorities say Da Silva was indicted by a federal grand jury Wednesday for conspiracy to commit money laundering with Nguyen and others.
He was arrested at Fort Lauderdale International Airport in Florida on Feb. 12 and was scheduled to be arraigned in an Atlanta courtroom on Friday.
Calls to 21 Celsius, were not returned Friday.
Authorities said the case is significant because of the scale of the information stolen.
Acting U.S. Attorney John Horn said hackers targeted marketing companies that send bulk emails to customers of their commercial clients. They gained access to the firms’ computer systems by sending emails with hidden malware to the marketing companies’ employees.
The hackers not only stole hundreds of millions of email addresses, Horn said, but also succeeded in using the marketing firms’ own systems to send the hackers’ spam messages.
The case is being prosecuted in Georgia because that’s where computer servers were located for two of the marketing firms that were hacked. Nguyen and Vu were indicted in October 2012 but those charges were sealed from public view until after the case against Da Silva was filed Wednesday.
